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Part One - Short Answers
(1) Please give biographical data about Aristotle, being sure to
include the century and place in which he lived, and the philosophical
grounds on which he broke with Plato.
(2) Please give biographical data about Aquinas, being sure to
indicate the century and place in which he lived, and his importance to
the history of Catholic thought.
(3) Please explain the terms "matter," "form," "essence," "accident"
and "proper accident" using the example of a human being.
Part Two - Essay Questions
Please answer two of the following three essay questions:
(1) Lay out the essentials of three great "similes" at the heart of
the Republic: the simile of the divided line, the simile of the sun and
the simile of the Cave. Explain what Plato is attempting to convey with
each, being sure to indicate the logical relationships among the
three.
(2) One of the greatest works of Greek literature is the Peloponnesian Wars by the historian
Thucydides. At one point, according to Thucydides, one of the Athenian
leaders gave a speech that included the following:
…a city with the worse laws, if
immoveable, is better than one with good laws, when they be not
binding; and that a plain wit accompanied with modesty, is more
profitable to the state than dexterity with arrogance; and that the
more ignorant sort of men do, for the most part, better regulate a
commonwealth than they that are wiser. For these love to appear wiser
than the laws, and in all public debatings to carry the victory, as the
worthiest things wherein to show their wisdom; from whence most
commonly proceedeth the ruin of the states they live in. Whereas the
other sort, mistrusting their own wits, are content to be esteemed not
so wise as the laws, and not able to carp at what is well spoken by
another: and so making themselves equal judges rather than contenders
for mastery, govern a state for the most part well. We therefore should
do the like; and not be carried away with combats of eloquence and wit,
to give such counsel to your multitude as in our own judgments we think
not good. (Cleon, in Thucydides' The
History of the Peloponnesian War, Book III, Paragraph 37,
translation by Thomas Hobbes)
Explain clearly what the speaker is saying in this passage, indicating
why it might seem a challenge to Plato's conception of rulership in the
ideal state. Then indicate how Plato would respond. Finally, indicate
whether you agree with Plato or the speaker, being sure to defend your
answer.
(3) What does Aristotle mean by "virtue"? Explain why Aristotle thinks
the acquisition of virtue is necessary for leading a good human life
and why he thinks virtues must be acquired by "habituation."
GOOD LUCK!
